The term "construction paper" was associated with the material in the early 20th century, although the general process for creating the paper began in the late 19th century when industrialized paper production and synthetic dye technology were combined. Around that time, construction paper was primarily advertised for classroom settings as an effective canvas for supporting multiple drawing media. The process for creating the paper involved a machine oriented process that exposed the paper to dyes while it was still pulp, resulting in a thorough distribution and brilliance of colour. The primary dyes involved in producing construction paper were abundant until Germany, the main producer of aniline for dyes at the time, became involved in World War I and ceased its exports. The shortage marked a period in which construction paper was created using substitute colouring methods.[3]

History
The term "construction paper" was associated with the material in the early 20th century, although the general process for creating the paper began in the late 19th century when industrialized paper production and synthetic dye technology were combined. Around that time, construction paper was primarily advertised for classroom settings as an effective canvas for supporting multiple drawing media. The process for creating the paper involved a machine oriented process that exposed the paper to dyes while it was still pulp, resulting in a thorough distribution and brilliance of colour. The primary dyes involved in producing construction paper were abundant until Germany, the main producer of aniline for dyes at the time, became involved in World War I and ceased its exports. The shortage marked a period in which construction paper was created using substitute colouring methods.[3]

Dyeing

One of the defining features of construction paper is the radiance of its colours. Before the methodology behind construction paper's colouring was introduced, most paper was coloured by pigments and vegetable oil, which had weaker staining capabilities. Synthetic dyes were later developed, which provided a wider range of colours, stronger dyeing strength, and had lower costs. However, the colours given by synthetic dyes tend to fade over short periods of time, an effect often seen in construction paper, noted by greying colours and brittleness.^[3]

Card stock

Page issues

"Pasteboard" redirects here. For the software tool, see Clipboard (computing).

Card stock for craft use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors.

An Oscar Friedheim card cutting and scoring machine from 1889

Card stock, also called cover stock or pasteboard, is a paper stock that is thicker and more durable than normal writing or printing paper, but thinner and more flexible than other forms of paperboard.

Card stock is often used for business cards, postcards, playing cards, catalogue covers, scrapbooking, and other uses which require higher durability than regular paper. The texture is usually smooth, but can be textured, metallic, or glossy. When card stock is labeled as cover stock it often has a coated finish on one side or both sides (C1S or C2S, for "coated: one side" or "coated: two sides") to produce a glossy look and smooth texture, especially in use for the printing of business cards and book covers.[1]

Papermaking

See also: Paper machine

A sheet of fibres which were just collected from the liquid suspension with the screen. The next steps are to press it and to dry it.

The Diamond Sutra of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, the oldest dated printed book in the world, found at Dunhuang, from 868 CE.

The art, science, and technology of papermaking addresses the methods, equipment, and materials used to make paper and cardboard, these being used widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes and useful products. Today almost all paper is manufactured using industrial machinery, while handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for artistic expression.

In papermaking, a dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating. Once dry, a generally flat, uniform and strong sheet of paper is achieved.

Before the invention and current widespread adoption of automated machinery, all paper was made by hand, formed or laid one sheet at a time by specialized laborers. Even today those who make paper by hand use tools and technologies quite similar to those existing hundreds of years ago, as originally developed in China and Asia, or those further modified in Europe. Handmade paper is still appreciated for its distinctive uniqueness and the skilled craft involved in making each sheet, in contrast with the higher degree of uniformity and perfection at lower prices achieved among industrial products.

While monitoring, regulations and action by concerned citizens, as well as improvements within the industry itself are limiting the worst abuses, papermaking continues to be of concern from an environmental perspective, due to its use of harsh chemicals, its need for large amounts of water, and the resulting contamination risks, as well as trees being used as the primary source of wood pulp. Paper made from other fibers, cotton being the most common, tends to be valued higher than wood-based paper

References Edit

^ "Paper Weight, Paper Size, Coated Paper, Matte Paper". Printing Industry Exchange, LLC. Nov 2004.

^ "Paper and Card Stock Comparison Chart" (PDF). The Paper Mill Store. Retrieved 3 April 2013.[permanent dead link]

^ This differs from how text stock is determined, which assumes 500 sheets of 25 by 38 in (635 by 965 mm) paper.[citation needed] Because of the difference in the way text and card stock pound weight is determined, a sheet of 65# card stock is actually thicker and heavier than a sheet of 80# text.[citation needed]

^ "Let's End the "Paper Weight" Confusion".

^ "Paper Sizes".

^ "Understanding Card Stock Weights".

Let's End the Confusion

In an effort to help eliminate the "Paper Weight" confusion problem,

we have compiled the comprehensive table listed below.

Now you can compare various types of paper and their "Equivalent Weights."

Definitions:

Basis Weight

The basis weight of a paper is the designated fixed weight of 500 sheets,

measured in pounds, in that paper's basic sheet size.

It is important to note that the "basic sheet size" is not the same

for all types of paper.

Caliper

Caliper refers to the thickness of a sheet of paper expressed

in thousandth of an inch. This measurement is taken with a micro meter.

Normally, paper caliper should not have more than a + or - 5% variance

within a sheet. Generally, the relation between caliper and basis weight ....

the greater the caliper (the thicker the paper), the greater the paper weight.

Equivalent Weight

While different paper types have different basic sizes,

papers can still be compared by using equivalent weight.

POINTS

Every POINT=.001 inch

For Example: 10 pt card = .010in.

Basis Weight ("Category") Table

Type Paper Basic Size - 500 Sheets 

"Bond"

Ledger

Mimeo

Duplicator

Rag Paper

17" x 22"

"Offset"

Book

Text

Coated Paper

25" x 38"

"Cover"

20" x 26"

"Tag Stock"

24" x 36"

"Index"

25-1/2" x 30-1/2"

The Values in the table below are intended to serve as a guide only.

They should not be used as specifications because there are variances

within the same basis weight due to other characteristics of the papers.

Similar weight papers may vary between different paper manufacturers.

--

Bond

Ledger

-

Offset

Text

-

Cover

-

--

Tag

--

-

Index

-

-

Points

-

-

*Caliper

(inches)

--

millimeters

--

-

Metric

(grams/sq meter)

Equivalent 16 40 22 37 33 3.2 .0032 0.081 60.2 gsm

Weight 18 45 24 41 37 3.6 .0036 0.092 67.72 gsm

20 50 28 46 42 3.8 .0038 0.097 75.2 gsm

24 60 33 56 50 4.8 .0048 0.12 90.3 gsm

28 70 39 64 58 5.8 .0058 0.147 105.35 gsm

29 73 40 62 60 6 .0060 0.152 109.11 gsm

31 81 45 73 66 6.1 .0061 0.155 116.63 gsm

32 74 67 120 gsm

35 90 48 80 74 6.2 .0062 0.157 131.68 gsm

36 90 50 82 75 6.8 .0068 0.173 135.45 gsm

39 100 54 90 81 7.2 .0072 0.183 146.73 gsm

40 100 56 93 83 7.3 .0073 0.185 150.5 gsm

43 110 60 100 90 7.4 .0074 0.188 161.78 gsm

44 110 61 102 92 7.6 .0076 0.193 165.55 gsm

47 120 65 108 97 8 .0078 0.198 176.83 gsm

53 135 74 122 110 9 .0085 0.216 199.41 gsm

54 137 75 125 113 9 .009 0.229 203.17 gsm

58 146 80 134 120 9.5 .0092 0.234 218.22 gsm

65 165 90 150 135 10 .0095 0.241 244.56 gsm

67 170 93 156 140 10.5 .010 0.25 252.08 gsm

72 183 100 166 150 11 .011 0.289 270.9 gsm

76 192 105 175 158 13 .013 0.33 285.95 gsm

82 208 114 189 170 14 .014 0.356 308.52 gsm

87 220 120 200 180 15 .015 0.38 312 gsm

105 267 146 244 220 18 .0175 0.445 385.06 gsm

The darker colored boxes above represent the

"most common paper weights" for that category.

Normal paper manufacturing tolerance within a

paper production run is + or - 5% to 7% caliper

This Table was compiled by Micro Format, Inc.

Copyright 1997-2005 Micro Format, Inc.

This table may be duplicated with permission from Micro Format, Inc.

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International Metric Paper Sizes - ISO Standard

SIZE

WIDTH (mm)

HEIGHT (mm)

WIDTH (in.)

HEIGHT(in.)

A0 841 mm 1,189 mm 33.11 in. 46.81 in.

A1 594 mm 841 mm 23.39 in. 33.11 in.

A2 420 mm 594 mm 16.54 in. 23.39 in.

A3 297 mm 420 mm 11.69 in. 16.54 in.

A4 210 mm 297 mm 8.27 in. 11.69 in.

A5 148 mm 210 mm 5.83 in. 8.27 in.

A6 105 mm 148 mm 4.13 in. 5.83 in.

A7 74 mm 105 mm 2.91 in. 4.13 in.

B0 1,028 mm 1,456 mm 40.48 in. 57.32 in.

B1 728 mm 1,028 mm 28.66 in. 40.48 in.

B2 514 mm 728 mm 20.24 in. 28.66

B3 364 mm 514 mm 14.33 in. 20.24 in.

B4 257 mm 364 mm 10.12 in. 14.33 in.

B5 182 mm 257 mm 7.17 in. 10.12 in.

B6 128 mm 182 mm 5.04 in. 7.17 in.

HELPFUL GUIDELINES for PAPER USAGE

Prior to use, paper should be allowed to acclimate at least

48 Hours in the environment in which it will be used.

Optimum storage facility would retain temperatures between 70-80 degrees F

with 50% relative humidity.

Before loading paper, fan the sheets on all four sides.

This creates a small layer of air between the sheets which should help

printer feeding mechanisms.

Do Not Stack Materials such as Designer Gold, Designer Silver,

Super Color Gloss, Super Color Photo, Super Color Photo Cards,

Super Color Shrink. Feed into printer one sheet at a time.

Load Materials according to the instructions in the

printer owner's manual.

Recommended feeding is generally to use the manual feed tray, or the straightest path through the printer.

Upon Completion, the unused material should be stored in a

closed package, re-sealed and stored flat.

HighSecurityPaper

Document Security Paper and Features

FEATURES & PRODUCTS GRID

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Click for Products and Features Grid

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Glossary of Paper Terms

Acid Free Paper

Paper manufactured to a neutral pH reading (7).

Used for fine art prints, limited edition printing, scrapbooking

Antique Finish

Random surface quality created by "felts" in the manufacturing process

Brightness

Light reflecting property of paper when measured under a specially calibrated blue light.

Basis Weight

The weight of one ream of paper (500 sheets) when cut to the industry standard for that specific grade of paper.

Bristols

Solid or laminated heavy-weight printing paper made to a thickness of .006" or higher. Bristols are often used for printed items that require repeated handling.

Bulk

The thickness of paper when compared to its weight. A high bulk paper is thicker but less compact than a low-bulk paper of the same weight and size.

Calendering

Part of the paper manufacturing process where the paper "web" passes between polished metal rolls. This increases the paper's smoothness and provides a uniform thickness (caliper).

Thermal Paper ~ Shelf Life - Storage

Thermal Paper Information as supplied to us by Appleton Papers.

Unit Conversion Calculator Tool

Web based Unit Conversion Calculator Tool that allows conversion of units in 20+ categories such as

Weight, Heat and Temperature, Pressure, Volume, Area, Density, Time, Speed, Velocity, Force, Angle, Power, Energy, Frequency, Computer, 

Electric Current, Electric Capacitance, Illuminance, Luminance, Cooking, Shoe Sizes, Currency Converter, Calender Converter etc.

Educational Material

Click to Enter

This fascinating site reveals the traditional methods of making various types of prints. We think you'll find this information interesting.

Visit this site. What's A Print?

Additional Definitions of Standard Paper Terminology and Abbreviations

Bond Uncoated "plain" paper - free from impurities.

Also referred to as "free sheet." 

Recycled Paper manufactured from the waste paper stream.

All Micro Format recycled products contain a minimum of

100% recycled material including 40% post consumer waste 

Waste Paper Stream Waste paper created during the paper manufacturing process 

Post Consumer Waste Processed Paper that has been re-used in manufacturing new paper products  

Carbonless Paper coated with special encapsulated chemicals that produce

a duplicate copy without the use of carbon paper 

Thermal A paper coated with special chemicals that produce

an image when heat is applied 

Groundwood A low cost paper that contains unprocessed wood fibers. 

Symbol "#" "pound" - used to describe paper weight

Click for additional information on PAPER WEIGHT  

Symbol "M" Meter - 1 meter=39.37 inches 

Symbol "mm" Millimeter - 1 inch=25.4 millimeters 

Symbol "sc" Self Contained Paper

paper that can be imaged in a printer without the use of a ribbon  

Symbol "cb" Coated Back - Carbonless Paper (part 1) 

Symbol "cfb" Coated Front and Back - Carbonless Paper

internal part in a multipul part form 

Symbol "cf" Coated Front - Carbonless Paper (last part in set) 

Symbol "sccb" Self Contained sheet with carbonless coating on back

normally used as part one in a multi part set in an impact printer

using no ribbon 

Symbol "sccb/cf" Carbonless set - Self Contained Coated Back Sheet Part 1

Coated Front Sheet Part 2 

Symbol "w" Paper Color - White 

Symbol "c" Paper Color - Canary 

Symbol "p" Paper Color - Pink 

Symbol "g" Paper Color - Green 

Symbol "b" Paper Color - Blue 

ADDITIONAL COVERSION TABLES

How to Convert to Metric

Length and Distance

When you know Multiply by To Find

inches 2.54 centimeters

feet 30.480 centimeters

miles 1.609 kilometers

centimeters 0.394 inches

meters 1.094 yards

kilometers 0.621 miles

Weight

When you know Multiply by To Find

pounds 0.454 kilograms

tons 0.907 metric tons

kilograms 2.205 pounds

metric tons 1.202 tons

   

Decimal Equivalents

1/64 = 0.015625

1/16 = 0.0625

1/8 = 0.125

3/16 = 0.1875

1/4 = 0.25

5/16 = 0.3125

3/8 = 0.375

7/16 = 0.4375

1/2 = 0.5

9/16 =

See also